{"id":2867,"date":"2024-10-05T18:27:17","date_gmt":"2024-10-05T10:27:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ekstw.com\/?p=2867"},"modified":"2024-10-05T18:27:18","modified_gmt":"2024-10-05T10:27:18","slug":"waste-of-water-resources","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ekstw.com\/en\/waste-of-water-resources\/","title":{"rendered":"[Wasting Water Resources 2-2] Taiwan Has 2.6 Times the Global Average Rainfall but Faces Water Shortages Like Desert Nations \u2013 A \u201cBeggar on a Mountain of Gold\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Rainwater does not always fall into catchment areas; even in frequently rainy regions like Keelung's Xinshan Reservoir, there has been a crisis where the water levels reached the bottom. Taiwan Water Corporation states that \"rainfall that cannot be retained and leakage that cannot be stopped\" are the two main reasons why Taiwan ranks among water-scarce countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although Taiwan has abundant annual rainfall, 80% of water resources either evaporate or flow directly into the ocean. This is due to the third lowest water price in the world. Not only does this lead to persistently high per capita water consumption, but there is also a lack of incentives to actively retain every drop that falls on this land. The severe drought in southern Taiwan this year has sounded a warning bell. In the face of climate change threats, if we do not re-evaluate how to strengthen the storage and utilization of water resources, the next major drought may exact an even greater toll.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The late President Marcos of the Philippines once said that the Philippines is \"a beggar sitting on a mountain of gold,\" meaning that despite the rich resources, the country failed to utilize them well, leading to poverty. The same situation applies to Taiwan's water resource management. According to the Water Resources Agency, the total annual rainfall reaches over 90 billion tons, but only about 18 billion tons are actually utilized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite being a country with one of the highest rainfall levels globally, Taiwan is ranked as the 18th most water-scarce country among 146 nations in the Environment Sustainable Index (ESI), published jointly by Yale University, Columbia University, and the World Economic Forum, being compared alongside desert regions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Taiwan\u2019s annual rainfall ranks among the top countries, but its water utilization is among the lowest. Photo by Liao Rui-Xiang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taiwan's annual average rainfall is as high as 2,500 millimeters, 2.6 times the world average of 973 millimeters. However, due to Taiwan's steep slopes and short rivers, rainwater flows into the sea or evaporates quickly. Approximately 60% of annual rainfall flows directly into the ocean, and about 20% evaporates, meaning around 80% of the rainwater is like a passerby, only briefly visiting the land without being properly collected or utilized. Each person in Taiwan is allocated only 4,500 cubic meters of rainwater, which is only one-fifth of the global average allocation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Climate change makes rainfall more volatile, increasing drought risk
The Research Center for Environmental Changes at Academia Sinica has conducted the \"Taiwan Drought Research: Changes, Water Resource Impact, Risk Perception, and Communication Project\". The study shows that while Taiwan's total rainfall has not changed in recent years, heavy rainfall days have increased, and light rainfall days have decreased, with rainfall concentrated in the plum rain and typhoon seasons from May to October, accounting for 78% of the annual total. Additionally, there is a significant imbalance between the north and south; the north has a wet-dry ratio of about 6:4, while in the south, it is an extreme 9:1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Where has Taiwan's rainwater gone?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Taiwan's seasonal differences in rainfall have become increasingly pronounced, and in future scenarios with severe warming, Taiwan's average rainfall in the wet season will increase, while the average rainfall in the dry season will decrease. The number of rainy days per year will decrease, and the longest continuous dry days will increase. Climate change will make Taiwan's drought risk more severe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The study indicates that not only does most of the water not stay, but even the water that is retained faces challenges. In terms of reservoirs, excessive land development has accelerated soil erosion, leading to more severe sedimentation. Groundwater infiltration has decreased due to development, reducing replenishment. Due to urban expansion and commercial development, 13 out of 50 major rivers in Taiwan are moderately or more severely polluted, rendering them unsuitable for drinking or irrigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Former Chairman of the International Rainwater Catchment Systems Association and Chairman of the Taiwan Green Ecological Facilities Association, Liao Chao-Hsuan, says that Taiwan's per capita reservoir capacity is significantly lower than that of other countries. In Taiwan, each person has access to 83 tons of reservoir capacity per year, compared to 252 tons in Japan and 416 tons in China. Furthermore, comparing the ratio of total reservoir storage to annual water use, Taiwan has only one-ninth, while the US and Japan have four-fifths and one-third, respectively. The reason for this discrepancy is that the rising awareness of ecological conservation makes it challenging to build new reservoirs, and artificial rain implemented by the Water Resources Agency has shown that rain does not necessarily fall in catchment areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The four characteristics of rainfall in Taiwan<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In rural society, people understood the importance of storing rainwater, but modern society has not valued it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To address the risk of uneven water resources in Taiwan, experts believe there is much room for improvement in strengthening storage and utilization, in addition to reducing leakage rates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"For many people, 'storing rainwater' is not unfamiliar; in the early days of rural society, water tanks and barrels were used to collect rainwater from rooftops or the ground for daily use,\" says Liao Chao-Hsuan. Utilizing rainwater wisely greatly aids in water resource development. In countries with inadequate public water supply systems, such as Thailand and Brazil, rainwater collection is a crucial solution. Thailand\u2019s \"Large Water Tank Project\" uses stored rainwater to meet the needs of rural residents, while Brazil\u2019s \"Million Rainwater System Program\" has developed rainwater collection systems, encouraging extensive use in both public and private buildings, regardless of whether they are new or old.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In nearby Japan, \"tenmizu-tame\" or \"roji-tame\" rainwater storage systems are commonly installed in homes and communities. These systems serve dual purposes: for watering plants or washing cars daily, and as a backup water source during emergencies such as earthquakes or fires. South Korea, meanwhile, legally mandates that buildings must include rainwater utilization facilities before they can receive a construction permit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In Taiwan, however, it is mainly government institutions that actively promote rainwater collection and recycling. Photo by Hong Min-Long.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taiwan\u2019s rainwater utilization system has unfortunately not been integrated with building regulations early on; it is only mandated to achieve a 5% substitution rate for tap water under the Green Building Code. Liao Chao-Hsuan explains that most of the rainwater storage systems currently in place are implemented by government agencies, and unlike Japan, there are no subsidies to encourage private-sector participation, limiting the effectiveness of rainwater resource utilization. In industrial zones, for example, a 500-ping area could store 500 tons of water with just 1 centimeter of rainfall. With such valuable water resources, why not plan their use effectively?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If industries are willing to invest, they could do a great job. The Mai-Liao No. 6 Naphtha Cracking Complex of Formosa Plastics Corporation has the largest rainwater collection system in Taiwan, covering over 1,100 hectares for rainwater recovery. This system not only achieves complete rainwater recycling but also meets nearly 10% of the facility\u2019s water demand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Mai-Liao Complex's Rainwater Recycling System: Equivalent to Over 40 Days of Water Usage for Yunlin County<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Since its establishment in 2009, the Mai-Liao complex\u2019s rainwater recycling system has collected an average of 1,876 tons of rainwater daily, with a collection rate of about 9.8%, sufficient to meet the daily water needs of 12,000 employees and contractors. After 14 years of effort, the current average daily collection is about 20,000 tons of rainwater, which, based on Yunlin County's 680,000 population and a per capita water use of 250 liters per day, is equivalent to 42 days of water supply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Formosa Plastics Group\u2019s Deputy General Manager Huang Yi-Chuan explains that through rainwater collection and recycling, Formosa Plastics has reduced the industrial water replenishment needs of its cooling towers, achieving the goal of reducing primary water use. Ensuring clean rainwater collection, proper separation of clean and dirty water, and pipeline maintenance are key factors for successful plant-wide rainwater utilization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Tailiu Plastics Light Industry has been able to fully recover.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To collect rainwater, Formosa Plastics replaced gravel ground with reinforced concrete and installed rainwater collection ditches. The collection system allows rainwater to flow from high to low points into collection wells, which then converge in underground rainwater storage tanks without requiring pumps. To accommodate extreme rainfall caused by climate change, rainwater storage tanks are emptied into cooling towers, reducing the industrial water demand and allowing more rainwater to be stored.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"In response to climate change, water resource utilization should be as proactive as electricity development,\" emphasizes Liao Chao-Hsuan. Just as reservoirs serve as large-scale, public, centralized facilities, community or industrial rainwater storage serves a similar role as decentralized, private, small-scale solar power systems. Rainwater storage facilities can also reduce flooding risks and lessen the burden on surrounding drainage systems, ensuring every drop of water on this land is used and prepared to mitigate disaster risks in extreme weather.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Environmental conservation expert and Chairman of Taiwan Water Conservation Alliance Huang An-Tiao criticizes that, despite the government\u2019s forward-looking water programs, they conflict with the Water Resources Agency's long-standing promotion of \"sponge cities.\" What we see are pavilions, scenic bridges, and bike paths unrelated to water planning and management, leading to a water crisis as Taiwan becomes increasingly drought-prone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Rainwater collection ditches at Mai-Liao provided by Formosa Plastics Corporation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Building Development Excavations Waste Underground Water Resources<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Not only is rainwater storage poorly utilized, but another crisis lies in the waste of groundwater resources due to construction site development. Liao Chao-Hsuan explained that foundations for buildings often require excavations as deep as 4 to 5 basement levels. Due to the shallow groundwater levels, developers typically drain groundwater to facilitate construction. For a 3,000-ping development site, up to 15 million cubic meters of groundwater may be drained, which is then diverted into drainage pipes and discharged into the sea. If there is ever a need for groundwater, it may no longer be available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He emphasized that groundwater aquifers, formed over hundreds or thousands of years, are too precious to be depleted this way. Liao urged the Water Resources Agency or the Construction and Planning Agency to establish regulatory standards to allow for the reuse of this groundwater for sprinkling, irrigation, or fire-fighting purposes. Such wasteful discharge must be avoided to build a sustainable society in Taiwan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

At construction sites, drainage pipes channel the groundwater affected by excavation directly into the ditch, eventually flowing into the sea. (Photo by Hong Min-Long)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, Wang Yi-Feng, Deputy Director of the Water Resources Agency, believes that utilizing groundwater from construction excavations presents a supply-and-demand challenge. Construction sites are often located within urban planning areas, where urban surface pollutants are highly diverse. This makes it difficult to incorporate the water into the public supply system. Using this groundwater for irrigation or site-specific applications would require evaluating demand, water extraction methods, and distance from facilities, all of which must be addressed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zhou Guo-Ding, a water resources expert and senior commissioner at the Environmental Protection Administration\u2019s Chemical Bureau, identifies the core issue as Taiwan\u2019s low water prices. Although Taiwan is a water-scarce country, it has the third-lowest water price globally. The cost of tap water is far below what it would cost for industries to establish their own water recycling systems, leaving industries with little incentive to adopt rainwater or wastewater recycling practices. To encourage water recycling in the industrial sector, water pricing must be adjusted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zhou cited Israel and Singapore, two countries also facing severe water scarcity crises, as examples. Their governments have set high water prices that fully reflect the cost of tap water. In Taiwan, the average water price is only NT$9.2 per cubic meter, while in Israel, it exceeds NT$70, and in Singapore, it is over NT$54. Higher water prices in these countries not only promote water conservation but also foster domestic water technology industries, creating numerous job opportunities. Israel even markets its advanced water technology globally, turning a crisis into an economic opportunity. In contrast, populist pricing of water, electricity, and oil in Taiwan prevents it from serving as a driver for industrial and technological transformation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Experts argue that water prices should be adjusted to stimulate the water-saving industry, thereby enhancing Taiwan's resilience to climate change. (Provided by the Water Resources Agency)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Liao Chao-Hsuan lamented, \"In Taiwan, water scarcity is far less discussed than power shortages because electricity costs more relative to the low water prices. People care about saving electricity but are indifferent to conserving water. The cost of buying water-saving devices far exceeds the potential savings on water bills, so how can the water-saving industry develop?\" He added, \"Building reservoirs is like taking Western medicine, while promoting rainwater storage is like taking traditional Chinese medicine. It may take years to gradually improve water resource utilization. It depends on whether the government has foresight and the willingness to actively promote these initiatives.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Each time a drought occurs, people rush to solve the immediate crisis. But as soon as there\u2019s a heavy rainfall, the issue is quickly forgotten. Facing climate change and increasingly extreme cycles of drought and flooding, Taiwan urgently needs better policies and investments in climate adaptation and defense. A crisis should not merely be viewed as an opportunity for change; it is an essential turning point demanding action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source:\u592a\u5831<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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